Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwamandla okucwenga emhlabeni jikelele, amazinga omkhiqizo kawoyela aqinile, kanye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwesidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuhlanza kuye kwaba sesimweni sokukhula okuqhubekayo. Phakathi kwazo, ukukhula okusheshayo kuseminothweni emisha nasemazweni asathuthuka.
Ngenxa yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene, imikhiqizo kanye nezakhiwo zedivayisi zefektri ngayinye yokuhluza, ukuze kusetshenziswe izinto zokusetshenziswa eziqondiswe kakhulu ukuthola umkhiqizo ofanele noma izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali, ukukhetha izinto zokusetshenziswa ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo noma ukukhetha okungcono kungaxazulula izinkinga ezibalulekile zezindawo zokuhlanza ezahlukene kanye namadivayisi ahlukene.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, e-Asia Pacific, e-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, inani lokusetshenziswa kanye nezinga lokukhula kwazo zonke izinto ezibangela ukuguga, okuhlanganisa ukucwengisisa, ukwenziwa kwe-polymerization, ukwenziwa kwamakhemikhali, njll. kuphakeme kunezifunda ezithuthukile eYurophu nase-United States.
Esikhathini esizayo, ukwanda kwe-hydrogenation kaphethiloli kuzoba okukhulu kunakho konke, kulandelwe yi-hydrogenation ephakathi kwe-distillate, i-FCC, i-isomerization, i-hydrocracking, i-hydrogenation ye-naphtha, i-hydrogenation kawoyela osindayo (owoyela osele), i-alkylation (i-superposition), i-reforming, njll., futhi isidingo se-catalyst esihambisanayo naso sizokhula ngokufanayo.
Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemijikelezo ehlukene yokusetshenziswa kwama-catalyst ahlukahlukene okuhlanza uwoyela, inani lama-catalyst okuhlanza uwoyela alikwazi ukwanda ngokwandiswa kwamandla. Ngokwezibalo zokuthengisa emakethe, ukuthengiswa okuningi kakhulu ama-catalyst e-hydrogenation (ukwelapha ngamanzi kanye nokuqhekeka kwamanzi, okubalelwa ku-46% wenani eliphelele), kulandelwe ama-catalyst e-FCC (40%), kulandelwe ama-catalyst okuguqula (8%), ama-catalyst e-alkylation (5%) kanye nabanye (1%).
Nazi izici eziyinhloko zama-catalyst avela ezinkampanini eziningana ezidumile emhlabeni jikelele:
1. Ama-Axens
I-Axens yasungulwa ngomhlaka-30 Juni 2001, ngokuhlanganiswa komnyango wokudlulisa ubuchwepheshe we-Institut Francais du Petrole (IFP) kanye ne-Procatalyse Catalysts and Additives.
I-Axens iyinhlangano ezimele esebenzisa ulwazi locwaningo nentuthuko lweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-70 kanye nempumelelo yezimboni ye-French Institute of Petroleum Research ukuze yenze izinqubo zokunikeza amalayisense, ukuklama izitshalo kanye nezinsizakalo ezihlobene, ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo (ama-catalyst kanye nama-adsorbents) yokucwengisisa, amakhemikhali kaphethroli kanye nokukhiqizwa kwegesi.
Ama-catalyst nama-adsorbents e-Axens athengiswa kakhulu eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu.
Le nkampani inohlu oluphelele lwezikhuthazi, Lokhu kufaka phakathi izikhuthazi zombhede ezivikelayo, izinto zokwakha, izikhuthazi zokuhlanza amanzi ezikhipha igesi, izikhuthazi zokuhlanza amanzi ezisele, izikhuthazi zokuhlanza amanzi, izikhuthazi zokubuyisa i-sulfur (Claus), izikhuthazi zokwelashwa ngegesi yomsila, izikhuthazi zokuhlanza i-hydrogenation (i-hydrogenation, izikhuthazi zenqubo ye-Prime-G+ kanye nezikhuthazi zokuhlanza i-hydrogenation ezikhethiwe), izikhuthazi zokuguqula kanye ne-isomerization (izikhuthazi zokuguqula, izikhuthazi zokususa igesi), ama-biofuel kanye nezinye izikhuthazi ezikhethekile kanye nezikhuthazi ze-Fischer-Tropsch, izikhuthazi zokuhlanza i-olefin dimerization, nazo zinikeza izikhuthazi, ingqikithi yezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-150.
2. ULyondellBasell
Indlunkulu yayo iLyondellbasell iseRotterdam, eNetherlands.
Yasungulwa ngoDisemba 2007, iBasel ingumkhiqizi we-polyolefin omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. IBasell ithenge iLyondellChemicals ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-12.7 ukwakha iLyondellBasell Industries entsha. Le nkampani ihlelwe ngamayunithi amane ebhizinisi: Ibhizinisi likaphethiloli, Ibhizinisi lamakhemikhali, Ibhizinisi le-polymer, Ibhizinisi lobuchwepheshe kanye nocwaningo kanye nentuthuko; Inezimboni ezingaphezu kuka-60 emazweni angu-19, futhi imikhiqizo yayo ithengiswa emazweni angaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni jikelele, enabasebenzi abangu-15,000. Lapho isungulwa, yaba yinkampani yesithathu ngobukhulu yamakhemikhali ezimele emhlabeni.
Ngokugxila ku-olefin, i-polyolefin kanye nezinye izinto ezihlobene nayo, ukuthengwa kwe-Lyander Chemicals kwandisa indawo ephansi yenkampani kumakhemikhali e-petrochemicals, kuqinisa isikhundla sayo sobuholi ku-polyolefin, futhi kuqinisa isikhundla sayo ku-propylene oxide (PO), imikhiqizo exhunywe ku-PO i-styrene monomer kanye ne-methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), kanye nakwimikhiqizo ye-acetyl. Kanye nezinto ezitholakala ku-PO ezifana ne-butanediol kanye ne-propylene glycol ethers eziholayo;
I-Lyondellbasell Industries ingenye yezinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni ze-polymer, i-petrochemical kanye ne-fuel. Umholi womhlaba wonke kwezobuchwepheshe be-polyolefin, ukukhiqiza kanye nemakethe; Ingumqali we-propylene oxide kanye nezinto ezitholakala kuyo. Umkhiqizi obalulekile wamafutha kaphethiloli kanye nemikhiqizo yawo ehlungiwe, okuhlanganisa ne-biofuel;
I-Lyondellbasell ibekwe endaweni yokuqala emhlabeni ngomthamo wokukhiqiza we-polypropylene kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-polypropylene catalyst. Umthamo wokukhiqiza we-propylene oxide ubekwe endaweni yesibili emhlabeni. Umthamo wokukhiqiza we-polyethylene ubekwe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni; Ubekwe endaweni yesine emhlabeni ngomthamo wokukhiqiza we-propylene kanye ne-ethylene; Umthamo wokuqala wokukhiqiza we-styrene monomer kanye ne-MTBE emhlabeni; Umthamo wokukhiqiza we-TDI ubiza u-14% womhlaba, ubekwe endaweni yesithathu emhlabeni; Umthamo wokukhiqiza we-ethylene wamathani ayizigidi ezingu-6.51 ngonyaka, umkhiqizi wesibili ngobukhulu eNyakatho Melika; Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-LyondellBasell ingumkhiqizi wesibili we-HDPE kanye ne-LDPE eNyakatho Melika.
I-Lyander Basell Industries inezimboni ezine ezikhiqiza i-catalyst, ezimbili eJalimane (eLudwig naseFrankfurt), esisodwa e-Italy (eFerrara) kanye nesinye e-United States (e-Edison, eNew Jersey). Le nkampani ingumhlinzeki ohamba phambili emhlabeni we-PP catalysts, kanti i-PP catalysts yayo ithatha ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yesabelo semakethe yomhlaba; i-PE catalysts ithatha ingxenye engu-10% yesabelo semakethe yomhlaba.
3. UJohnson Matthey
UJohnson Matthey wasungulwa ngo-1817 futhi unendlunkulu eLondon, eNgilandi. UJohnson Matthey ungumholi womhlaba kwezobuchwepheshe bezinto ezithuthukisiwe onezingxenye ezintathu zebhizinisi: Ubuchwepheshe Bezemvelo, Imikhiqizo Yezinsimbi Eziyigugu kanye nama-Fine Chemicals & Catalysts.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko yeQembu ihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwama-catalyst ezimoto, ukukhiqizwa kwama-catalyst enjini kadizili asebenza kanzima kanye nezinhlelo zawo zokulawula ukungcola, ama-catalyst e-fuel cell kanye nemishini yawo, ama-catalyst enqubo yamakhemikhali kanye nobuchwepheshe bawo, ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwamakhemikhali amahle kanye nezingxenye ezisebenzayo zemithi, ukuhluzwa kwamafutha, ukucutshungulwa kwensimbi eyigugu, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwama-pigment kanye nokugqoka kwezimboni zeglasi neze-ceramic.
Embonini yokucwenga kanye namakhemikhali, uJohnson Matthey ukhiqiza kakhulu i-methanol synthesis catalyst, i-synthetic ammonia catalyst, i-hydrogen production catalyst, i-hydrogenation catalyst, i-raw material purification catalyst, i-pre-conversion catalyst, i-steam conversion catalyst, i-high temperature conversion catalyst, i-low temperature conversion catalyst, i-deVOC catalyst, i-deodorization catalyst, njll. Zaqanjwa ngokuthi yi-KATALCO, PURASPEC, HYTREAT, PURAVOC, Sponge MetalTM, HYDECAT, SMOPEX, ODORGARD, ACCENT kanye neminye imikhiqizo.
Izinhlobo ze-Methanol catalyst yilezi: i-catalyst yokuhlanza, i-catalyst yangaphambi kokuguqulwa, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa komusi, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa kokushisa kwegesi, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa kwezigaba ezimbili kanye ne-self-thermal conversion, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa engamelani nesulfure, i-catalyst yokwenziwa kwe-methanol.
Izinhlobo zama-catalyst e-ammonia okwenziwa yilezi: i-catalyst yokuhlanza, i-catalyst yangaphambi kokuguqulwa, i-catalyst yokuguqula yesigaba sokuqala, i-catalyst yokuguqula yesigaba sesibili, i-catalyst yokuguqula yesimo sezulu esiphezulu, i-catalyst yokuguqula yesimo sezulu esiphansi, i-catalyst ye-methanation, i-catalyst yokwenziwa kwe-ammonia.
Izinhlobo zama-catalyst okukhiqiza i-hydrogen yilezi: i-catalyst yokuhlanza, i-catalyst yangaphambi kokuguqulwa, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa komusi, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa kokushisa okuphezulu, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa kokushisa okuphansi, i-catalyst ye-methanation.
Ama-catalyst omkhiqizo we-PURASPEC afaka: i-catalyst ye-desulfurization, i-catalyst yokususa i-mercury, i-catalyst ye-deCOS, i-catalyst emsulwa kakhulu, i-catalyst ye-hydrodesulfurization.
4. IHaldor Topsoe, eDenmark
IHelder Topso yasungulwa ngo-1940 nguDkt. Hardetopso futhi namuhla iqasha abantu ababalelwa ku-1,700. Indlunkulu yayo, ilabhorethri yocwaningo oluphakathi kanye nesikhungo sobunjiniyela ziseduze neCopenhagen, eDenmark;
Le nkampani izibophezele ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ekuthuthukisweni nasekuthengisweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-catalysts, futhi ihilela ukudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe obunelungelo lobunikazi, kanye nobunjiniyela kanye nokwakhiwa kwemibhoshongo ye-catalytic;
I-Topsoe ikhiqiza kakhulu i-ammonia catalyst yokwenziwa, i-catalyst yokuhlanza izinto ezingavuthiwe, i-catalyst yezimoto, i-catalyst yokuguqulwa kwe-CO, i-catalyst yokushisa, i-catalyst ye-dimethyl ether (DME), i-catalyst ye-denitrification (DeNOx), i-catalyst ye-methanation, i-catalyst ye-methanol, i-catalyst yokuhlanza uwoyela, i-catalyst yokuguqula umusi, i-catalyst ye-sulfuric acid, i-catalyst ye-sulfuric acid (WSA) emanzi.
Ama-catalyst okuhlanza uwoyela kaTopsoe afaka phakathi i-catalyst yokwelapha ngamanzi, i-catalyst yokuhlanza amanzi kanye ne-catalyst yokulawula ukwehla kwengcindezi. Phakathi kwawo, ama-catalyst okwelapha ngamanzi angahlukaniswa abe yi-naphtha hydrotreating, i-hydrotreating yokuhlanza uwoyela, i-sulfur ephansi kanye ne-ultra-low sulfur diesel hydrotreating kanye nama-catalyst e-FCC pretreatment ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwama-catalyst okuhlanza uwoyela enkampani anezinhlobo ezingu-44;
I-Topsoe inezindawo ezimbili zokukhiqiza i-catalyst eDenmark nase-United States ezinemigqa yokukhiqiza engu-24 iyonke.
5. Iqembu le-INOES
Yasungulwa ngo-1998, i-Ineos Group iyinkampani yesine ngobukhulu emhlabeni yamakhemikhali kanye nomkhiqizi womhlaba wonke wamakhemikhali kaphethiloli, amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, enendlunkulu yayo eSouthampton, e-UK.
I-Ineos Group yaqala ukukhula ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 ngokuthola izimpahla ezingezona eziyinhloko zezinye izinkampani, ngaleyo ndlela yangena ezinhlwini zabaholi bamakhemikhali emhlabeni.
Ububanzi bebhizinisi le-Ineos Group buhlanganisa imikhiqizo ye-petrochemical, amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye nemikhiqizo kaphethiloli, phakathi kwawo i-ABS, i-HFC, i-phenol, i-acetone, i-melamine, i-acrylonitrile, i-acetonitrile, i-polystyrene neminye imikhiqizo ephethe isikhundla esiphambili emakethe yomhlaba wonke. I-PVC, imikhiqizo ye-vulcanization, i-VAM, ama-PVC composites, i-linear alpha olefin, i-ethylene oxide, i-formaldehyde kanye nemikhiqizo yayo, i-ethylene, i-polyethylene, uphethiloli, idizili, uphethiloli wejethi, uwoyela kaphethiloli womphakathi kanye neminye imikhiqizo isendaweni ehamba phambili emakethe yaseYurophu.
Ngo-2005 i-Ineos yathenga i-Innovene kwa-BP yabe isingena ekukhiqizweni nasekukhangisweni kwama-catalysts. Ibhizinisi le-catalyst lenkampani lingele-Ineos Technologies, ehlinzeka kakhulu ngama-catalysts e-polyolefin, ama-catalysts e-acrylonitrile, ama-catalysts e-maleic anhydride, ama-catalysts e-vinyl kanye nezixazululo zawo zobuchwepheshe.
Ama-catalyst e-Polyolefin akhiqizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30, enikeza ama-catalyst, izinsizakalo zobuchwepheshe kanye nokusekelwa kwamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7.7 e-Innovene™ PE kanye namathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3 ezitshalo ze-Innovene™ PP.
6. Amakhemikhali eMitsui
Yasungulwa ngo-1997, iMitsui Chemical iyinkampani yesibili ngobukhulu yamakhemikhali ehlanganisiwe eJapane ngemuva kweMitsubishi Chemical Corporation, futhi ingenye yabakhiqizi abahamba phambili emhlabeni bemikhiqizo ye-phenol, i-isopropyl alcohol, i-polyethylene kanye ne-polypropylene, enendlunkulu yayo eTokyo, eJapane.
I-Mitsui Chemical ingumkhiqizi wamakhemikhali, izinto ezikhethekile kanye nemikhiqizo ehlobene nayo. Okwamanje ihlukaniswe ngamayunithi amathathu ebhizinisi: Izinto Ezisebenzayo, Amakhemikhali Athuthukisiwe, kanye Namakhemikhali Ayisisekelo. Ibhizinisi layo le-catalyst liyingxenye yeNdlunkulu Yebhizinisi Lamakhemikhali Athuthukisiwe; Lezi zi-catalyst zifaka i-olefin polymerization catalyst, i-molecular catalyst, i-heterogeneous catalyst, i-alkyl anthraquinone catalyst nokunye.
7, Inkampani ye-JGC C&C Day swing catalyst Formation Company
I-Nichiwa Catalyst & Chemicals Corporation, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Nichiwa Catalyst & Chemicals Corporation, yasungulwa ngomhlaka-1 kuJulayi 2008, ngokuhlanganisa ibhizinisi kanye nezinsiza zezinkampani ezimbili ezingaphansi kwe-Japan Nichiwa Corporation (i-JGC CORP, isifinyezo sesiShayina se-NIChiwa), i-Japan Catalyst Chemical Corporation (CCIC) kanye ne-Nick Chemical Co., LTD. (NCC). Indlunkulu yayo iseKawasaki City, eKanagawa Prefecture, eJapan.
I-CCIC yasungulwa ngoJulayi 21, 1958, futhi inendlunkulu yayo eKawasaki City, eKanagawa Prefecture, eJapane. Ihileleke kakhulu ekukhiqizweni kwama-catalyst, kanye nama-catalyst okuhlanza uphethiloli njengesikhungo, imikhiqizo ifaka ama-catalyst e-FCC, ama-catalyst okwelapha ngamanzi, ama-catalyst e-denitrification (DeNox) kanye nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali amahle (izinto zokusetshenziswa zokuhlobisa, izinto ezibonakalayo, izinto zekristalu eliwuketshezi kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezibonisi, izinto ze-semiconductor, njll.). I-NCC yasungulwa ngo-Agasti 18, 1952, kanti indlunkulu yayo iseNiigata City, eNiigata Prefecture, eJapane. Ukuthuthukiswa okuyinhloko, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuthengiswa kwama-catalyst amakhemikhali, imikhiqizo ifaka kakhulu i-hydrogenation catalyst, i-dehydrogenation catalyst, i-solid alkali catalyst, ama-adsorbents okuhlanza igesi, njll. Izinto ze-Cathode kanye nama-catalyst okuhlanza imvelo amabhethri aphinde ashajwe.
Ngokusho kwemikhiqizo, inkampani ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu: i-catalyst, amakhemikhali amahle kanye nemvelo/amandla amasha. Le nkampani ikhiqiza futhi ithengise ama-catalyst okuhlanganisa ama-catalyst okuhluza uwoyela, ama-catalyst okucubungula i-petrochemical kanye nama-catalyst okuvikela imvelo.
Ama-catalyst okuhlanza imvelo ikakhulukazi ama-catalyst e-FCC kanye nama-catalyst enqubo ye-hydrogenation, lawa ahlanganisa ama-hydrofining, ama-hydrotreating kanye nama-catalyst e-hydrocracking; Ama-catalyst amakhemikhali afaka i-catalyst ye-petrochemical, i-hydrogenation catalyst, i-syngas conversion catalyst, i-catalyst catalysts kanye ne-zeolite; Ama-catalyst okuvikela imvelo afaka: imikhiqizo ehlobene nemvelo, ama-catalyst e-flue gas denitrification, ama-catalyst e-oxidation kanye nezinto zokwelapha ukukhishwa kwegesi emotweni, izinto zokususa iphunga/i-antibacterial, ama-catalyst e-VOC adsorption/decomposition, njll.
I-denitration catalyst yenkampani inesabelo semakethe esingu-80% eYurophu kanye nesabelo semakethe esingu-70% e-United States, futhi imele ngaphezu kuka-60% we-denitration catalysts yezitshalo zamandla emhlabeni.
8. I-SINOPEC Catalyst Co., LTD
I-Sinopec Catalyst Co., LTD., inkampani ephethwe ngokuphelele yi-Sinopec Corporation, iyindikimba eyinhloko ephethe ukukhiqizwa, ukuthengiswa kanye nokuphathwa kwebhizinisi le-catalyst le-Sinopec, ephethe ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusebenza kwebhizinisi le-catalyst le-Sinopec, futhi iqhuba ukuphathwa kobungcweti kwamabhizinisi okukhiqiza i-catalyst enkampanini.
I-Sinopec Catalyst Co., Ltd. ingenye yabakhiqizi abakhulu emhlabeni, abaphakeli kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zokuhlanza kanye nama-catalyst amakhemikhali. Ithembele ku-Institute of Petrochemical Science kanye ne-Fushun Petrochemical Research Institute enamandla yocwaningo lwasekhaya, inkampani iyaqhubeka nokwandisa imakethe yama-catalyst asekhaya kanye nawomhlaba wonke. Imikhiqizo ye-Catalyst ihlanganisa i-catalyst yokuhlanza uwoyela, i-polyolefin catalyst, i-catalyst eyisisekelo yezinto eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-catalyst yamakhemikhali amalahle, i-catalyst yokuvikela imvelo, ezinye ama-catalyst kanye nezinye izigaba ezi-6. Ngenkathi ihlangabezana nesidingo semakethe yasekhaya, imikhiqizo ithunyelwa eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia, e-Afrika nakwezinye izimakethe zomhlaba wonke.
Isisekelo sokukhiqiza sisatshalaliswa kakhulu ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni ayisithupha, okuhlanganisa iBeijing, iShanghai, iHunan, iShandong, iLiaoning kanye neJiangsu, futhi imikhiqizo ihlanganisa amasimu amathathu okukhulisa amafutha: ukuhluzwa kwamafutha, imboni yamakhemikhali kanye nezinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwemvelo. Inamayunithi ayi-8 aphethwe ngokuphelele, amayunithi amabili okuphatha, iyunithi eyodwa yokuphatha ephathisiwe, izikhungo zokuthengisa zasekhaya ezine kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye namahhovisi amane amele amazwe angaphandle.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-17-2023
