IZINTO EZINAMATHELISA AMAMINERAL, IZINTO EZIHLUNZAYO, NEZINTO EZINAMATHELISAYO
Izisefo zama-molecule ziyi-aluminosilicate zensimbi ezikristalu ezinenethiwekhi exhumanisayo enezinhlangothi ezintathu ye-silica ne-alumina tetrahedra. Amanzi emvelo okufuthwa kwamanzi asuswa kule nethiwekhi ngokushisa ukuze akhiqize imigodi efanayo emunca ngokukhetha ama-molecule osayizi othile.
Isihlungi esinezimbobo ezine kuya kweziyi-8 sivame ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-gasphase, kanti uhlobo lwezimbobo ezinezimbobo ezingu-8 kuya kweziyi-12 luvame ukusetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-liquidphase. Izinhlobo zempuphu zezihlungi ze-3A, 4A, 5A kanye ne-13X zifaneleka ekusetshenzisweni okukhethekile.
Njengoba sekuyisikhathi eside zaziwa ngamandla azo okomisa (ngisho nakuma-90 °C), izisefo zama-molecule zisanda kubonisa usizo ezinqubweni zezinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa, zivumela njalo ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhiqizo efiselekayo ekuphenduleni kokuminyana okulawulwa ukulingana okungekuhle ngokuvamile. Lawa ma-zeolite okwenziwa aboniswe ukuthi asusa amanzi, ama-alcohols (kufaka phakathi i-methanol ne-ethanol), kanye ne-HCl ezinhlelweni ezifana nokuhlanganiswa kwe-ketimine ne-enamine, ukuminyana kwe-ester, kanye nokuguqulwa kwama-aldehydes angagcwalisiwe abe ama-polyenals.
| Uhlobo | 3A |
| Ukwakheka | 0.6 K2O: 0.40 Na2O: 1 Al2O3: 2.0 ± 0.1SiO2: x H2O |
| Incazelo | Ifomu le-3A lenziwa ngokufaka ama-potassium cations esikhundleni sama-ion e-sodium angaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-4A, kunciphisa usayizi we-pore osebenzayo ube yi-~3Å, ngaphandle kobubanzi >3Å, isib. i-ethane. |
| Izicelo Ezinkulu | Ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kwemithombo ye-hydrocarbon engagcwalisiwe, okuhlanganisa igesi eqhekekile, i-propylene, i-butadiene, i-acetylene; ukomisa uketshezi oluvela e-polar njenge-methanol ne-ethanol. Ukumuncwa kwama-molecule afana ne-NH3 ne-H2O kusuka ekugelezeni kwe-N2/H2. Kubhekwa njenge-ejenti yokomisa ejwayelekile ezindaweni ezingemuva nezingaphandle kwe-polar. |
| Uhlobo | 4A |
| Ukwakheka | 1 Na2O: 1 Al2O3: 2.0 ± 0.1 SiO2 : x H2O |
| Incazelo | Lolu hlobo lwe-sodium lumelela umndeni wohlobo A wezihlungi zama-molecule. Ukuvulwa kwembobo okusebenzayo kungu-4Å, ngaleyo ndlela kukhipha ama-molecule anobubanzi obusebenzayo >4Å, isib. i-propane. |
| Izicelo Ezinkulu | Kukhethwa kakhulu ekuphelelweni kwamanzi emzimbeni okungaguquki ezinhlelweni ezivaliwe zoketshezi noma zegesi, isib. ekupakishweni kwemithi, izingxenye zikagesi kanye namakhemikhali abolayo; ukucosha amanzi ezinhlelweni zokunyathelisa kanye nezamapulasitiki kanye nokumisa imifudlana ye-hydrocarbon egcwele. Izinhlobo ezimuncwayo zifaka phakathi i-SO2, i-CO2, i-H2S, i-C2H4, i-C2H6, kanye ne-C3H6. Ngokuvamile kubhekwa njenge-ejenti yokomisa ebanzi ezindaweni eziphansi kanye nezingaphansi kwephansi. |
| Uhlobo | 5A |
| Ukwakheka | 0.80 CaO : 0.20 Na2O : 1 Al2O3: 2.0 ± 0.1 SiO2: x H2O |
| Incazelo | Ama-ion e-calcium ahlukene esikhundleni sama-cation e-sodium anikeza izimbobo ezingama-~5Å ezingafaki ama-molecule anobubanzi obusebenzayo >5Å, isib., wonke ama-ring e-carbon angu-4, kanye nama-iso-compound. |
| Izicelo Ezinkulu | Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-paraffin ajwayelekile kusuka kuma-branched-chain kanye nama-cyclic hydrocarbons; ukususwa kwe-H2S, i-CO2 kanye nama-mercaptans kusuka kugesi yemvelo. Ama-molecule afakwe i-nC4H10, i-nC4H9OH, i-C3H8 kuya ku-C22H46, kanye ne-dichlorodifluoro-methane (Freon 12®). |
| Uhlobo | 13X |
| Ukwakheka | 1 Na2O: 1 Al2O3 : 2.8 ± 0.2 SiO2 : xH2O |
| Incazelo | Ifomu le-sodium limelela isakhiwo esiyisisekelo somndeni wohlobo lwe-X, esinokuvulwa kwembobo okusebenzayo ebangeni le-910¼. Ngeke i-adsorb(C4F9)3N, isibonelo. |
| Izicelo Ezinkulu | Ukomiswa kwegesi kwezentengiselwano, ukuhlanzwa kokudla kwezitshalo emoyeni (ukususwa kwe-H2O kanye ne-CO2 ngasikhathi sinye) kanye nokunambitheka kwe-hydrocarbon/igesi yemvelo okumanzi (ukususwa kwe-H2S kanye ne-mercaptan). |
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Juni-16-2023
